Researchers from the CIMMYT international center have identified that wheat is susceptible to a variety of pathogens, including 25 fungal diseases, 3 bacterial infections, 1 viral disease, 3 nematode-related diseases, 4 physiological and genetic disorders, and 8 conditions linked to deficiencies in mineral nutrients or other abiotic factors. Although the pathogens that affect both winter and spring wheat are generally similar, there are occasional differences in specific instances. Wheat is frequently affected by four different forms of smut, three types of rust, powdery mildew, septoria leaf blotch, and helminthosporium leaf lesions, along with a range of root rot conditions. Additionally, the crop is vulnerable to bacterial infections, yellow mold or slime mold diseases, basal disorders, and a number of viral infections (Prescott et all., 1986; Koishybaev, 2002; Dubeiller, Singh et all, 2014).

Table 2 - Disease spectrum of spring wheat and their pathogens, affected plant organs