Globalization is a process of deepening economic, political, social and cultural ties between countries, which leads to an increase in the interdependence of States. In modern conditions, it has a significant impact on public policy, transforming national management strategies and regulating internal and external processes.

Political globalization is the process of integration of States and international organizations into the global political system, which leads to an increase in the influence of supranational institutions, an increase in international cooperation, and a change in the role of national States. This phenomenon is developing in the context of deepening economic and cultural globalization and has a significant impact on modern international relations.

Main aspects of political globalization.

Growth of international organizations and supranational institutions.

One of the main manifestations of political globalization is the expansion of the activities of international organizations, such as the United Nations (UN), the European Union (EU), NATO, the World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. These organizations regulate various aspects of international relations, ranging from security and economics to human rights issues.

International law and its impact.

In the context of political globalization, the importance of international law, which regulates relations between States and establishes legal norms for various areas, such as trade, ecology, security and human rights, is increasing. International courts, such as the International Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice, play an important role in resolving disputes and ensuring justice at the global level.

Changing the role of the national state.

In the era of globalization, national States lose some of their autonomy, as they are forced to take into account the requirements of international organizations and follow international agreements. This leads to the emergence of new forms of governance, such as network governance, based on the coordination of various actors – States, corporations, non-governmental organizations and civil society.

Global governance and transnational politics.

Global challenges such as climate change, international terrorism, migration crises and pandemics require global coordination. As a result, global governance mechanisms are being formed, which include not only state structures, but also private companies, international institutions and non-governmental organizations.

Dissemination of democratic values and human rights.

Political globalization promotes the spread of democratic norms and human rights standards. Organizations such as the United Nations, the European Court of Human Rights, and Amnesty International actively promote freedom of speech, equality, and the protection of minority rights. However, this process is accompanied by resistance from States with authoritarian regimes.

Positive and negative consequences of political globalization.

Positive aspects:

- reducing the likelihood of international conflicts by strengthening diplomatic ties and international law;

- development of mechanisms for the protection of human rights and the democratization of States;

- strengthening international cooperation in the fight against global challenges, such as climate change and terrorism;

- better economic coordination between countries, which contributes to the development of international trade and investment.

Negative aspects:

- the loss of state sovereignty and the growth of dependencies on supranational institutions;

- expanding the influence of transnational corporations, which can undermine the economic viability of individual countries;

- the emergence of contradictions between globalist and nationalist movements, which leads to increased political polarization;

- the spread of uneven development, when the benefits of globalization are mainly received by developed countries.

Political challenges:

- aggravation of the geopolitical situation (conflict between Russia and Ukraine, sanctions, pressure on Russia's partners);

- in the context of global democratic processes-modernization of the political system (constitutional reforms, transition to a new format of elections);

- national security surveys include cyber threats, extremism, and transnational criminal groups.