After identifying the problem, it is necessary to study it in detail and suggest possible solutions.

Main processes:

- collection and analysis of information (study of data, international experience, statistics);

- estimation of the scale of the problem (qualitative and quantitative parameters);

- development of scenarios (modeling of various options of actions);

- evaluation of the consequences of decisions (analysis of possible risks and benefits of each scenario).

- to consult with interested parties (discussions with experts, business, civil society).

Analysis methods:

- SWOT analysis (strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats);

- economic analysis (assessment of budget expenditures and economic impact);

- sociological research (population surveys, expert interviews).

When developing and planning public policies, the feasibility of the proposed alternatives must be analyzed in the following aspects:

- the extent to which the implementation process can affect the level of costs, policy results, and timing of projects and certain important activities.

- when comparing alternative projects, it is necessary to take into account the feasibility criteria or the degree of complexity of all the most important activities, what barriers or difficulties may be encountered and what needs to be done to overcome them;

- work programs provide a mechanism for protecting against risks and develop appropriate measures to improve the policy implementation process and improve the proposed options, improve policy effectiveness and reduce costs.

- it is necessary to take into account the influence of the external environment: the level of cooperation between politicians and personnel administrators, central and local structures, the degree of support for political leaders and parties.

The political part of this stage of public policy development ends with the adoption of regulatory documents containing the concept of public policy development.

Making a decision.

At this stage, the authorities choose the most appropriate solution to the problem and take appropriate measures.

Main processes:

- preparation of documentation (development of a draft law, resolution, state program);

- announcement and consideration (discussion in the authorities, parliament, public hearings);

- legal expertise (checking for compliance with the Constitution and international standards);

- approval and approval (decision-making by the parliament, government, President).

After the approval of the policy documents, work begins on the distribution of tasks and powers among various levels of government, aswell as resources allocated for this program between various state structures, regional and local government bodies.

The ability to implement the adopted state policy is inherent in the success factor, which characterizes the quality of the developed policy. To achieve this goal, you should calculate the probability of implementing all the planned measures at the development stage, taking into account the effects of various circumstances.

The final result largely depends on the accuracy of knowledge and completeness of information about the object, on the interpretation of the tasks received by performers. To implement the functions of public administration, a clear and fast vertical «patency» of control actions is necessary. They should not be deformed, but only concretized and refined. It is especially important to achieve an understanding of the tasks set at the lowest level, since public policy is implemented at this level. But it is most difficult to establish control over this group of officials.

The development of plans and programs cannot be complete without a schedule of possible scenarios for the likely development of the situation. They describe future events and predict the behavior of key participants. Usually, several variants of scenarios are developed, taking into account different conditions and analyzing favorable and negative factors. This is necessary to identify the most important participants in events in the implementation of public administration, clarify the rules or conditions of their activities, determine the nature of actions and behaviors of participants, and predict intermediate and final results.

At the software development stage, the success factor depends on the extent to which the management system is able to adapt to changing external and internal conditions.

Depending on national political traditions, a combination of factors influencing the political process, the place and role of the state, political parties, interest groups and pressure groups, and the type of political culture, various models of state policy are distinguished.

Depending on the specifics of the process of developing and implementing public policy, the degree and nature of political actors ' participation in it, the following models are used.

Open system model. This model is based on the idea of a «causality funnel», according to which the process of developing public policy is a sequential transition from more «broad» and uncertain conditions to the behavior of elites formed by rules (norms, laws) in the process of discussing political goals and making decisions. The «causality funnel» involves a number of conditions in the process, between which there are relations of direct and indirect dependence.

Thus, the final political choice is a direct and indirect functional result of the following chain: historical and geographical conditions-socio-economic structure-mass political behavior – government institutions – the behavior of elites in the process of formal policy discussion – developed state policy. The behavior of elites is affected by the corresponding events resulting from the previous factors separately and collectively.

The model of «institutional rational choice». In this model, the political outcome is a function of the individual actions of the actors involved in the process, which are influenced by two main types of conditions: individual terms and conditions related to decision-making. Individual conditions include: the values and resources of individuals that determine the degree of their influence on the process of political goal setting. The decision-making situation is described as a set of conditions related to institutional rules, the nature of the relevant goods, and the characteristics of the community (socio-economic conditions and public opinion). Thus, individuals who choose political priorities will act differently depending on the differences in the decision-making situation. Three levels of institutional analysis should be taken into account:

- operational (level of decision-making agents);

- collective choice (agreed collective norms governing agents);

- constitutional (the constitution that influences the choice of collective norms).

The «political flows» model. The model includes a description of three «threads» that make up the policy development process.

The first stream is the problem stream, which consists of information about real problems and the results of previous government activities.

The second stream is a community of researchers, consultants, and other professionals who analyze problems and formulate various alternatives. The third stream is political, which consists of elections, the activities of politicians, the competition of factions during the adoption of laws, lobbying, etc. When the three streams are combined, then there is a «window of opportunity» for making appropriate political decisions.

The model of «competing defending coalitions». This model is an attempt to synthesize many ideas of other models. The main focus here is on the conditions that determine the change of political course and, accordingly, the choice of a new one. The change of political course to others is carried out under the influence of three main groups of factors:

- interaction of competing coalitions in the subsystem of choosing political alternatives (actors at all levels of government and civil society who share basic values and ideas and try to «influence», change the «rules of the game» (laws, norms, etc.), as well as political «brokers» who smooth out the conflict between coalitions and are interested in preserving their own interests). stability of the subsystem).

- variables external to the first subsystem (socio-economic transformations, changes in the political environment, new elections, etc.);

- relatively stable social parameters (basic social structures and constitutional rules).

The choice of a particular model and, consequently, a public policy strategy largely depends on the goals set by political actors, the participation of citizens in the implementation of policies, the nature of problems, and the availability of resources.

Implementation of state policy.

The decisions taken are transferred to the stage of execution by state bodies.

Main processes:

- creation of implementation institutions (institutions, agencies, working groups);

- financing of programs (allocation of budget funds, search for investments);

- administrative and organizational support (creation of mechanisms for monitoring and managing the process);

- informational support (communication of information to the public, explanatory work).

Performance monitoring and evaluation.

At the final stage, an analysis is made of how much the implemented measures have achieved the goals set.

Main processes:

- evaluation of results (analysis of statistics, social effects, economic consequences);

- public feedback (citizen surveys, expert opinions);

- policy adjustment (making changes based on identified problems and suggestions);

- forming new initiatives (if necessary, adjusting the strategy and priorities).

Principles of state policy formation.

- legality. Public policies must comply with the Constitution, international obligations, and national legislation.

- scientific validity. Decisions should be based on objective data, scientific research, and forecasts.

- cost-effectiveness and efficiency. The policy should be focused on achieving specific goals in the rational use of resources.

- openness and transparency. Public control, availability of information about decisions taken and their justification.

- what is public opinion? The State should take into account the interests of citizens when conducting consultations, hearings, and surveys.

- social justice. Decisions should take into account the interests of all segments of society, ensuring equal opportunities.

- complexity. The policy should take into account the interrelationship of various spheres (economy, education, healthcare, ecology).

- flexible and adaptable.

Public policy should respond quickly to changes in the situation and be adjusted as necessary. Public policy formation –is a multi-stage process that involves analyzing problems, developing solutions, making them, implementing them, and monitoring them. Basic principles such as legality, efficiency, transparency, and scientific validity ensure its quality and effectiveness. Improving the mechanisms for developing and implementing State policies contributes to the stable development of society and the state.